India: Underperforming Even in Good Times

The late Professor Raj Krishna's term "Hindu growth rate" was an aptly pejorative description of India's economic performance. But he was referring to the pre-take-off period, the first three decades after Independence. How has India performed in the good times, when the country's growth turned around? The popular impression is that India has done exceedingly well, with growth rates second only to China in recent years. The reality is sobering.

The assessment that follows has four features. First, the benchmark is seven Asian countries—China, Indonesia, Korea, Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan, and Thailand. Second, the comparison is not in chronological time but in "take-off time." That is, India's growth performance in the good years is compared with the growth of the other countries during their respective high-growth episodes.

Third, the assessment is based on two metrics. The simple one compares growth rates of per capita GDP (measured in purchasing power parity terms) between India and the other countries. Economic growth theory, however, offers perhaps a more appropriate "convergence-adjusted" metric. Economic convergence simply means that poor countries should grow faster than rich countries because poorer countries have cheap labor and low levels of capital, which together offer greater investment and hence growth opportunities. So, if two countries A and B grow at the same rate, but A started off richer than B, then it is A's performance that is more impressive (click for table).

Finally, this assessment is undertaken for two periods of Indian performance. As emphasized by the work of Brad de Long, Roberto Zagha and John Williamson, and Dani Rodrik and myself, India's growth turnaround occurred around 1980 and preceded the policy turnaround by about a decade. But India's growth trajectory steepened around 2002, yielding nearly 10 years of spectacular performance. It is natural, then, to assess both the (33) good years after 1979 and the (10) go-go years after 2002 with other Asian countries (click for figure).

Table I illustrates the comparison for the post-1979 period. Column 1 provides the take-off date for the other Asian countries. These dates are obtained from an influential paper by Harvard Professors Hausmann, Pritchett, and Rodrik. Column 2 displays the per capita GDP growth rate for all these countries over the 33 years following their respective take-offs. Since Korea's take-off occurred in 1962, the growth reported in this column is for the period 1962–1985, and so on for the other countries. Column 3 displays how rich each country was relative to India at the point where its growth took-off. So, taking Korea as an example, in 1962, the average level of its per capita GDP was 2.6 times that of India in 1979.

A few striking features stand out from table I. In the post-1979 period, India grew slower than all seven Asian countries. Evidently, even Indian dynamism underwhelms its Asian counterpart (column 2 and chart). More strikingly, India grew slower than every country despite being poorer to start with (column 4). Thus, on a convergence-adjusted basis, its performance was worse than the simple numbers suggest. For example, Korea and Taiwan grew 3 percentage points faster than India on average despite being 2.5 to 3 times as rich at the take-off point. In recent years, the Chinese growth story has attracted all the attention. But the Korean, Taiwanese, and even Singapore growth episodes seem more impressive, because they posted comparable growth rates to China's despite being much richer.

What about magnitudes? On a simple comparison, India underperformed Asia by 1.8 percent a year, which cumulates over 32 years to a whopping 185 percent. Translated into levels, India's per capita GDP today should be $11,000 instead of $4,000. On a convergence-adjusted basis, India's underperformance was even worse. We can compute what India's growth rate should have been had it behaved like the rest of Asia in terms of catching up, taking account of the starting point. On this metric, India should have grown by 7.2 percent per year rather than the 4.1 it actually posted. This underperformance of 275 percent implies that India's GDP should be closer to $15,000 rather than $4,000.

How does India fare during the go-go years of the noughties? Table II provides answers. Of course, India's performance improved considerably. The average growth rate climbed from 4.1 percent post-1979 to 6.2 percent post-2002. But, as column 2 of table II shows, India still grew slower during the period 2002–12 than every other Asian country (except Thailand) did during its first 10 years of rapid growth. On a convergence-adjusted basis, India grew slower than five out of the seven countries.

What about magnitudes? The simple comparison suggests that India underperformed by close to 1 percent a year. On a convergence-adjusted basis, India underperformed by about 0.6 percent per year. These numbers are important in providing perspective to the recent Indian growth experience. Over the longer (post-1979) period, Indian growth was utterly unremarkable compared to Asian peers. But even the India Shining years seem less glossy. In real time, the impression was one of India outperforming all countries except China. Properly measured, India did well but not as well as the Asian tigers during their comparable growth spurts.

Why India has underperformed, and how this can be reversed, will continue to be the staple of debate. The numbers presented here would invite the irreverently brilliant Professor Raj Krishna to pronounce from somewhere high up: "The Hindu growth rate is dead. Long live the Hindu growth rate."