A Ranking of Currency Manipulators

In my policy brief, “Combating Widespread Currency Manipulation,” I list 20 countries that meet stringent criteria for excess accumulation of foreign exchange reserves designed to hold down the values of their currencies.  The list includes various statistics expressed as a percent of each country’s GDP.  In response to questions, I provide here a ranking of these countries in terms of the dollar value of foreign exchange reserves as of the end of 2011.

One interesting note, although China tops this list, its reserves have been relatively stable over the past 12 months, suggesting a marked change in its behavior.